These notes are useful when you are including references in electronic form and therefore cannot mark them with physical symbols such as underlines or brackets. Use these notes to avoid repeating information in the main body of the article.Ĭopyright notes refer to information about sources used in an essay that does not affect how readers understand the material but which the author wants to place on record. Content notes should include a short explanation of their significance. They can be used to clarify ideas, arguments, or points of view without disrupting the flow of the article. Place each footnote in its own row at the bottom of the page directly after it is cited.Ĭontent notes refer to details or illustrations within the text that do not affect the analysis but which readers may find helpful. Indent the first line of each footnote by five spaces. If explanatory notes are still required for your paper, APA specifies two sorts of footnotes: content and copyright. Inline endnotes are placed within the text and are referred to by number within the text.įootnotes and endnotes are not recommended by APA since they are typically costly for publishers to reproduce. There are two types of endnotes: inline and numbered. Endnotes are most useful when they supplement or enhance the main body of the essay rather than replace it. Avoid using endnotes if they contain extensive quotations or if they serve as a complete summary of the material contained in the primary source. For example, an endnote could point readers to another section in the text for additional analysis or it could suggest further reading on the topic. Examples of appropriate endnotes include URLs that need further explanation or additional information, citations for studies or reports that support the arguments made in the text, and reminders for yourself or others about future research directions.Įndnotes can be used to provide more detail on a topic covered in the text or to direct readers to sources for further information. They should not duplicate information in the main text or appear in the list of references. These notes are inserted into the margin of the page near where they are needed.

The title of the chapter, section, or article should be used as the note title. Footnotes or endnotes are both acceptable in APA format, so check with your teacher to clarify his or her choice. Endnotes are gathered at the conclusion of the main text of the document.

Endnote format apa